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    Direito de familiauniao estavel

    direito de familiauniao estavel

    O que é uma família estável?

    Casamento civil – É a união entre duas pessoas, que estabelecem comunhão plena de vida, com base na igualdade de direitos e deveres. É realizado em Cartório de Registro Civil, em processo que se inicia com a habilitação do casal por meio de análise documental e publicação dos proclamas do casamento na imprensa local ou em mural do cartório. A oficialização da união é realizada por juiz de paz, na presença de testemunhas. Uma vez realizada a cerimônia, é emitida uma Certidão de Casamento, documento que formaliza a união.

    Casamento religioso – É celebrado de acordo com o rito de cada crença, perante autoridade religiosa. Se não for acompanhado de registro em cartório (casamento religioso com efeito civil), a união não é legalmente formalizada e os noivos permanecem com o estado civil de solteiros.

    Casamento religioso com efeito civil – Ocorre quando, após a celebração religiosa, o casal apresenta, em um prazo de 90 dias, o termo de casamento emitido pela autoridade religiosa para formalização perante o registro civil. Nessa modalidade, também é necessária a habilitação das partes em cartório (análise documental), assim como ocorre no casamento civil.

    É a relação entre duas pessoas que se caracteriza como uma convivência pública, contínua e duradoura e que tem o objetivo de constituição familiar. A legislação não estabelece prazo mínimo de duração da convivência para que uma relação seja considerada união estável. Também não há a necessidade de que o casal resida na mesma habitação para que o vínculo seja configurado. Outros elementos podem ser considerados para a sua caracterização como, por exemplo, a existência de filhos.

    Sim. Apesar de não estarem previstos na Constituição Federal e no Código Civil, o casamento civil e a união estável entre pessoas do mesmo sexo estão amparados em decisões do Superior Tribunal Federal (STF) e em Resolução do Conselho Nacional de Justiça (CNJ) que impedem negativa dos cartórios à habilitação, celebração de casamento civil ou de conversão de união estável em casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo. As relações homoafetivas, da mesma forma, são consideradas como uniões estáveis sempre que atenderem aos critérios previstos na legislação, ou seja, quando se caracterizam como convivência pública, contínua e duradoura e que busque ser uma constituição familiar. Com isso, os direitos dos casais homossexuais são os mesmos garantidos aos heterossexuais.

    Uma das questões mais importantes diz respeito à escolha do regime de bens ao qual a relação será submetida, decisão que impactará diretamente na forma como será feita eventual partilha, em caso de término do vínculo.

    Comunhão parcial de bens – Neste regime, os bens adquiridos por cada um após o casamento são considerados comuns ao casal e, no caso de separação, serão partilhados de forma igualitária entre os dois, independente de quem contribuiu para sua aquisição. O que cada um possuía antes da união permanece de posse exclusiva das partes. Essa é a modalidade adotada como padrão.

    Quando tem união estável tem direito a herança?

    A Constituição Federal de 1988 em seu art. 226 elevou a união estável entre o homem e a mulher ao status de família, dispondo em seu § 3º, “que é reconhecida união estável entre o homem e a mulher, como entidade familiar, devendo a lei facilitar a sua conversão em casamento”. Já no § 4º, do mesmo art. reza que “Entende-se, também, como entidade familiar a comunidade formada por qualquer dos pais e seus descendentes”. É a denominada família mono parental.

    Essa proteção constitucional às famílias de fato ou naturais, de elevadas proporções e causas diversas em nosso país, foi alvo de muitos questionamentos por parte dos legisladores e daqueles que se dedicam ao estudo e aplicação do direito, surgindo as Leis 8.971/94 e 9.278/96, que foram as primeiras indicações normativas de desdobramento do pressuposto constitucional, representando a vontade da Lei Maior, na flexibilização das relações interpessoais, conduzindo o processo de democratização das mais variadas formas de relacionamento atual.

    Dos Direitos Patrimoniais e Sucessórios dos companheiros instituídos através das leis 8.971/94 e 9.278/96

    A lei 8.971/94 regulamentou a questão dos alimentos devido à companheira ou companheiro, bem assim a questão sucessória. Pois, até então, a jurisprudência havia adiantado técnicas de proteção ao companheiro supérstite, mas foi a partir desse novo imperativo legal que a morte de um dos conviventes foi movida para o âmbito do direito das sucessões. Garantiu-se o direito de participar da sucessão aberta, seja como usufrutuário, seja como herdeiro, vindo em terceiro lugar na ordem da vocação hereditária. Sendo que a Lei 9.278/96, ao estabelecer a igualdade de direitos e deveres entre os conviventes, impõe, ainda, o direito real de habitação ao companheiro sobrevivo, relativamente ao imóvel destinado à residência da família, levando em conta, sobretudo, o comprometimento emocional e amoroso que se manteve naquele lar, as lembranças e toda a história de vivência familiar.

    Das alterações discriminatórias e de exclusão constantes no novo Código Civil de 2002

    O novo Código Civil de 2002, em seu art. 1.723, caput, e seus §§ 1º e 2º, reconhece os elementos indicadores do instituto da união estável, a qual se configura através da convivência pública, contínua e duradoura e estabelecida com o objetivo de constituição de família, entre o homem e a mulher, inclusive entre pessoas casadas que se acharem separadas de fato ou judicialmente.

    Pontifica, ainda, em seu art. 1.725 que “Na união estável, salvo contrato escrito entre companheiros, aplica-se às relações patrimoniais, no que couber, o regime da comunhão parcial de bens”. Ou seja, os bens móveis e imóveis adquiridos por um ou por ambos os conviventes na constância da união estável, e a titulo oneroso, pertencem a ambos, em partes iguais. Entretanto, ao tratar da sucessão legítima e da ordem da vocação hereditária, se refere apenas aos descendentes; aos ascendentes em concorrência com o cônjuge; ao cônjuge sobrevivente.

    Quem vive em união estável tem direito aos bens?

    Na união estável, salvo contrato escrito entre os companheiros, aplica-se às relações patrimoniais, no que couber, o regime da comunhão parcial de bens. Desta maneira, havendo intenção de separar-se, o patrimônio adquirido na constância da união estável – imóveis, veículos, bens móveis– deve ser dividido meio a meio.

    O que é união estável como entidade familiar?

    O artigo 1.723 preceitua que “é reconhecida como entidade familiar a união estável entre homem e mulher, devendo a lei facilitar sua conversão em casamento, configurada pela convivência pública, contínua e duradou- ra estabelecida com o objetivo de constituição de família”.

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