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    Defesa de crime de lavagem de dinheiro

    defesa de crime de lavagem de dinheiro

    Como se defender da lavagem de dinheiro?

    Em tempos em que precisamos dizer o óbvio todos os dias, desde já ressalto que o presente artigo NÃO TEM COMO OBJETIVO, ensinar as pessoas a lavar dinheiro, e tampouco instigar a qualquer prática criminosa. Muito pelo contrário, o texto pretende esclarecer que é possível trabalhar uma defesa criminal técnica e eficaz, usando meios lícitos de provas construídas a partir da prevenção do crime de lavagem.

    Antes de tudo é preciso entender a constituição do crime em si, já que se trata de um tipo penal complexo composto por três fases distintas, lembrando que para configurar o crime de lavagem de dinheiro, a acusação precisa necessariamente demonstrar que houve um crime antecedente ao ato da lavagem, pelo qual se tenha obtido ilicitamente vantagem financeira ou patrimonial.

    Aliás, nunca é demais transcrever o conceito do crime de Lavagem de Dinheiro: “É uma prática econômico-financeira que têm por finalidade dissimular ou esconder a origem ilícita de determinados ativos financeiros ou bens patrimoniais, obtidos de forma ilegal, de forma que tais ativos aparentem uma origem lícita ou que, pelo menos, a origem ilícita seja difícil de demonstrar ou provar”.

    Para configurar o crime de lavagem de dinheiro é preciso concluir três etapas distintas, caso contrário não existirá o delito. São elas:

    1. Colocação: Nesta etapa quem comete o delito antecedente procura inserir, quase sempre através de bancos, os ganhos ilícitos obtidos com a atividade criminosa, dando a aparência de legitimidade a estes ativos.
    2. Ocultação: Aqui, o agente procura dificultar o rastreamento da origem dos ganhos ilícitos.
    3. Integração: Nesta última etapa, se consolida a operação da lavagem de dinheiro, pois os recursos obtidos por meio de práticas criminosas já estão devidamente formalizados no sistema financeiro, sendo quase impossível o seu rastreamento.

    Como se comprova lavagem de dinheiro?

    Os crimes de lavagem de dinheiro estão previstos na Lei n. 9.613, de 03 de março de 1998 e são decorrentes da ocultação ou dissimulação de bens ou valores obtidos ilicitamente pela prática de outros crimes, como corrupção, desvio de recursos públicos, tráfico de drogas, furtos, roubos, estelionatos ou qualquer outro que gere proveitos ilícitos.

    Podemos verificar indícios da lavagem de dinheiro, por exemplo, quando os criminosos passam a ostentar padrão de vida (imóveis, veículos etc) incompatível com a atividade profissional que declaram exercer. Os indícios também podem estar presentes quando criminosos montam empresas, às vezes de fachada (sem atividade), para transparecer que os recursos foram obtidos de forma lícita.

    Ajude a PCDF a recuperar esses bens ou valores, descapitalizando os criminosos e evitando a prática de novos crimes.

    Quais as 4 fases da lavagem de dinheiro?

    Ambiente de trabalho, Anticorrupção, Canal de Denúncias, Código de Ética, Fique por Dentro

    Atualizado em 16/01/2024

    Muito se ouve falar sobre o tema, mas você sabe o que é lavagem de dinheiro? Trata-se de um crime tipificado pela Lei nº 9.613/1998, caracterizado por operações que incorporam ou ocultam bens e valores ilicitamente na economia.

    O processo de lavagem de dinheiro passa por três fases, sendo elas de colocação, ocultação e integração. A primeira é referente ao depósito do dinheiro no sistema financeiro; a segunda, também conhecida como “estruturação”, esconde a origem do valor por meio de uma série de transações e truques contábeis. Já a terceira está relacionada ao saque do dinheiro, já lavado, de uma conta legítima, com registros verdadeiros que permitem o uso do recurso para quaisquer fins.

    Acompanhe esse artigo e descubra mais sobre lavagem de dinheiro e os mecanismos de combate disponíveis para a luta contra esse crime.

    O crime de lavagem de dinheiro é caracterizado por uma série de operações comerciais, ou financeiras, que tentam incorporar recursos, bens e valores de forma ilícita no sistema financeiro de um país, seja de maneira transitória ou permanente. Essas movimentações se desenvolvem a partir de um processo dinâmico que reúne três etapas independentes, mas que ocorrem simultaneamente com frequência. São elas:

    1. Colocação: Trata-se do depósito do “dinheiro sujo” no sistema econômico reconhecido como legítimo. A ideia é ocultar a origem do valor. Para isso, o criminoso movimenta o montante em países que possuem regras mais permissivas ou um sistema financeiro liberal, por exemplo. Essa colocação é realizada por meio de compra de instrumentos negociáveis, depósitos, aquisição de bens ou outros mecanismos. Para tornar a identificação da procedência do dinheiro mais difícil, são aplicadas técnicas como a utilização de estabelecimentos comerciais que geralmente trabalham com dinheiro em espécie e o fracionamento dos valores que transitam pelo sistema financeiro.
    2. Ocultação: Diz respeito à busca por dificultar o rastreamento contábil dos recursos ilícitos. Esse trâmite é feito de modo a quebrar a cadeia de evidências, motivado pela possibilidade de investigações sobre a origem do dinheiro. Assim, quem estiver por trás das movimentações ilícitas procura fazê-lo de forma eletrônica, transferindo os ativos para contas anônimas – preferencialmente em nações amparadas por lei de sigilo bancário. Também são utilizadas empresas de fachada ou fictícias e realizados depósitos em contas abertas em nome de terceiros, os famosos “laranjas”.
    3. Integração: Fase em que os ativos são incorporados formalmente ao sistema econômico. Para a integração, as organizações criminosas investem em empreendimentos que facilitem suas atividades, sendo que essas organizações podem ainda prestar serviços entre si. Isso porque, quando a cadeia é formada, torna-se mais fácil legitimar o dinheiro ilegal. Em relação ao processo em geral, vale lembrar que os recursos podem ser lavados.

    Quem responde ao crime de lavagem de dinheiro?

    Com o avanço das tecnologias no campo das transações financeiras, o crime de lavagem de dinheiro – pensado de uma maneira global – tornou-se cada vez mais complexo e sofisticado, tanto em relação aos crimes antecedentes como também em relação aos próprios métodos de lavagem. Para refrear esta prática criminosa, o Grupo de Ação Financeira Internacional (GAFI) vem estimulando a adoção de medidas mais propensas a prevenir e combater o crime de lavagem de dinheiro, especialmente por meio da “Abordagem Baseada em Risco” (ABR) – um método que os órgãos centrais que regulam o tema nos países signatários passariam a impor aos seus regulados, com o objetivo de permitir uma melhor identificação, avaliação e compreensão os riscos de lavagem de dinheiro.

    No que toca o setor de Prevenção à Lavagem de Dinheiro (PLD) no Brasil, os órgãos reguladores passaram a editar normas de PLD prevendo a adoção da ABR. Órgãos como Banco Central do Brasil (BCB), Superintendência de Seguros Privados (SUSEP), Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM), por exemplo, regulamentaram a ABR perante suas instituições reguladas, as quais são obrigadas pela Lei n. 9.613/1998 a prevenir o crime de lavagem de dinheiro.

    A internalização da ABR pelas regras de PLD visa propiciar uma maior efetividade na condução dos trabalhos dos profissionais que atuam na área de PLD, Compliance e Gestão de Riscos, para que estes possam concentrar seus esforços e energias na análise de situações e operações atípicas de acordo com os riscos derivados, v.g., do perfil dos clientes, canais de distribuição e localização geográfica que apresentem maior chance de operacionalização do crime de lavagem de dinheiro.

    Em decorrência desta nova perspectiva regulatória se verifica a necessidade de que sejam estudadas as possibilidades de responsabilização criminal dos profissionais de PLD em relação ao crime de lavagem de dinheiro, nos termos do art. 1º, da Lei n. 9.613/1998. Essa necessidade mencionada recrudesce ao passo de que uma das consequências do fortalecimento do ecossistema regulatório de PLD é que os profissionais que atuam nas corporações reguladas passam a ser mais “visados” por quem pretende lavar dinheiro por meio dos produtos e serviços oferecidos pelas instituições financeiras. Isso se deve essencialmente ao fato de que os profissionais de PLD, em virtude de sua função, possuem informações que permitiram que o processo de ocultação e dissimulação fossem realizados de forma mais segura, seja burlando as regras de monitoramento, seja fazendo “vistas grossas” a eventuais transações suspeitas ou atípicas que deveriam ser comunicadas aos superiores hierárquicos ou mesmo a autoridades como o Conselho de Controle de Atividades Financeiras (COAF).

    Destarte, já adiantando a conclusão de que os profissionais de PLD podem efetivamente responder criminalmente por atos de lavagem de dinheiro praticados no âmbito de sua atividade, apresentar-se-á, adiante, os fundamentos pelos quais se acredita que estes profissionais pode.

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