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    Crime de dano e acao penal

    crime de dano e acao penal

    Qual ação penal no crime de dano?

    167, a ação penal no crime de dano apresenta as seguintes regras: 1) Se o sujeito simplesmeste destrói, inutiliza ou deteriora coisa alheia, cometendo o fato típico fundamental do crime de dano (CP, art. 163, caput), a ação penal é exclusivamente privada.

    Qual é a ação penal cabível no dano simples?

    O delito de dano consta no artigo 163 do CP. Vejamos:

    Art. 163 – Destruir, inutilizar ou deteriorar coisa alheia:
    Pena – detenção, de um a seis meses, ou multa.

    O bem jurídico tutelado aqui é a proteção ao patrimônio. Além disso, são cabíveis os institutos da Lei 9.099. Qualquer pessoa pode praticar o delito de dano (crime comum), enquanto que o sujeito passivo será o proprietário ou o possuidor da coisa danificada.

    A conduta está dividida em três núcleos: Destruir (quebrar, danificar), inutilizar (tornar sem uso, sem finalidade) e deteriorar (avariar, quebrar parcialmente) a coisa alheia.

    É possível admitir a realização do delito tanto na forma comissiva, por quem comete o dano de fato, quanto na omissiva, por quem tem o dever de zelar pelo bem e não o faz.

    Importante ressaltar que os crimes de dano não estão todos resumidos ao artigo 163. Existem danos específicos que, por sua particularidade, foram tutelados por outros tipos penais, constantes em outros artigos ou até em leis específicas.

    É o caso de dano a objetos destinados a culto religioso (art. 208, CP), Dano a sepultura (art. 210, CP), Dano sobre documentos (art. 305, CP), Pichação (art. 65, L. 9.605/98), Dano a documento oficial, por funcionário ou particular (art. 336 e 337, CP), etc.

    O tipo em questão só é punido a título doloso. A doutrina diverge, contudo, quanto a necessidade da existência de vontade específica de causar o prejuízo ao proprietário ou possuidor da coisa danificada.

    A jurisprudência entende que o dano ao patrimônio público praticado por preso para facilitar a fuga da prisão demanda a demonstração do dolo específico de causar prejuízo ao bem público (animus nocendi), sem o qual a conduta é atípica, mesmo havendo prejuízo patrimonial ao erário.

    A consumação se dá com a prática do dano efetivo. Portanto, não haverá delito sem o efetivo dano ao patrimônio, admitindo-se tentativa, caso a impossibilidade se dê por causas alheias à vontade do agente. Importante ressaltar que esse delito é tido como subsidiário, ou seja, só há dano se a ação ou omissão não configurar crime mais grave.

    As qualificadoras do crime de dano estão contidas no parágrafo único, incisos I a IV. Vejamos:

    Parágrafo único – Se o crime é cometido:

    • I – com violência à pessoa ou grave ameaça;
    • II – com emprego de substância inflamável ou explosiva, se o fato não constitui crime mais grave
    • III – contra o patrimônio da União, de Estado, do Distrito Federal, de Município ou de autarquia, fundação pública, empresa pública, sociedade de economia mista ou empresa concessionária de serviços públicos;
    • IV – por motivo egoístico ou com prejuízo considerável para a vítima:
      Pena – detenção, de seis meses a três anos, e multa, além da pena correspondente à violência.

    Importante ressaltar que essa violência ou grave ameaça (Inc. I) deve ser empregada como um meio para assegurar a execução do dano, e não como um fim em si mesmo, pois senão seria o caso de concurso de crimes.

    Quanto ao crime de dano cometido contra patrimônio público.

    Como é qualificado o crime de dano?

    Dano qualificado: violência à pessoa ou grave ameaça. Trata-se da mesma violência ou grave ameaça mencionadas no crime de roubo. No caso, a grave ameaça é incorporada ao dano qualificado. Este absorve o delito do art. 147 (ameaça), tal como ocorre com as vias de fato (LCP, art.

    Qual a natureza do crime de dano?

    O crime de dano previsto no artigo 163 do Código Penal é classificado como de natureza material, por ser infração que deixa vestígios.

    Como saber se a ação é pública condicionada ou incondicionada?

    Ação penal, segundo Nucci, é “o direito de requerer ao Poder Judiciário a aplicação da lei penal ao fato concreto, quando configurar infração penal, para que haja a aplicação da pena, materializando o poder punitivo estatal.” (Nucci, 2008, p. 557)

    A regra é que toda ação penal seja pública, ficando situações excepcionais para a ação privada. (Mirabete, 2008, p. 96)

    A ação pública será, em regra, incondicionada, quando independe da vontade do ofendido para que a ação seja iniciada. Contudo, em alguns casos a ação será pública condicionada, quando depende de uma condição, ou a manifestação de vontade do ofendido ou a requisição do Ministro da Justiça.

    A diferença fundamental entre a ação pública e a privada, é que o Ministério Público é o titular da ação penal pública, que se inicia com a denúncia. Já na ação privada, o titular é o ofendido, que precisa constituir um advogado, para que este subscreva a queixa, com a qual se inicia a ação penal privada.

    A ação penal pública incondicionada — que vigora na grande maioria dos crimes — é aquela que não depende de qualquer manifestação de vontade do ofendido ou de quem quer que seja. Será ela intentada pelo Ministério Público, mesmo que a vítima não queira.

    No entanto, há casos em que a lei exige uma condição de procedibilidade, para que possa ser proposta a ação penal pública, hipótese em que recebe o nome de ação penal pública condicionada, à representação do ofendido ou à requisição do Ministro da Justiça.

    Na ação penal pública condicionada à representação do ofendido, o Ministério Público somente poderá propor a ação se a vítima manifestar seu interesse com a representação, que nada mais é que uma manifestação de vontade de que seja o autor do delito processado (Ex: art. 145, caput, CP).

    Na ação penal pública condicionada à requisição do Ministro da Justiça, o Ministério Público só estará legitimado a agir se houver a manifestação do Ministro da Justiça. É o exemplo do art. 145, parágrafo único, CP.

    A regra é que a ação seja pública incondicionada, razão pela qual nesse tipo de ação, o Código não indica a ação, pois é desnecessário. Ou seja, se no tipo ou no capítulo não houver qualquer previsão sobre a ação, trata-se de pública incondicionada.

    Já em crime de ação penal privada, vem expresso que o crime “somente se procede mediante queixa” (ex: art. 179, parágrafo único, CP).

    Se a ação for publica condicionada a representação, vem expresso “somente se procede mediante representação” (ex: art. 130, § 2º, CP).

    O mesmo ocorre com a hipótese de requisição do Ministro da Justiça (art. 145, parágrafo único, CP).

    Os princípios que regulam a ação penal pública são: obrigatoriedade e indisponibilidade.

    Princípio da obrigatoriedade: a propositura da ação penal não fica ao arbítrio do membro do Ministério Público. Existindo elementos que indiquem a ocorrência de crime, é obrigatório o início da ação penal (Mirabete, 2008, p. 98), tanto que o pedido de arquivamento será submetido à controle judicial.

    Princípio da indisponibilidade.

    Qual é o crime do artigo 163?

    Segundo o artigo 163 do Código Penal, destruir, inutilizar ou deteriorar o bem ou serviços de uma união, tanto estado, quanto município é considerado crime contra o patrimônio público. A pessoa pode ser presa por este crime, caso seja pega em flagrante.

    Pois, é. Convém avisar a pessoa que está furtando as plantas ornamentais em nosso município.

    Em dezembro furtaram palmeiras e flores do portal em São Miguel da Serra.

    Agora atacaram os buchinhos do centro da cidade.

    As imagens das câmeras locais já estão sendo verificadas.

    Pedimos aos munícipes que, se presenciarem tal ato, comuniquem as autoridades.

    Qual o tipo de ação penal para o crime de dano?

    CERTOO art. 167 o Código Penal dispõe que, no crime de dano, a ação penal será privada nos casos do caput do art. 163 (destruir, inutilizar ou deteriorar coisa alheia) e no inciso IV de seu parágrafo único (qualificadora por ter sido o crime cometido por motivo egoístico ou com prejuízo considerável para a vítima). Nos demais casos em que incidem as qualificadoras do parágrafo único (violência à pessoa ou grave ameaça; emprego de substância inflamável ou explosiva, se o fato não constitui crime mais grave; ação contra o patrimônio da União, de Estado, do Distrito Federal, de Município ou de autarquia, fundação pública, empresa pública, sociedade de economia mista ou empresa concessionária de serviços públicos), a ação penal é pública incondicionada.

    Material extraído da obra Revisaço Direito Penal

    O que significa 163 no crime?

    163 – Destruir, inutilizar ou deteriorar coisa alheia: Pena – detenção, de um a seis meses, ou multa.

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