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    Contratos de empresas transnacionais

    contratos de empresas transnacionais

    Quais são os tipos de contratos empresariais?

    Para que bem se compreenda o alcance dos contratos empresariais, além das modalidades já citadas, incluem-se os contratos de compra e venda mercantil, representação comercial, distribuição, trespasse de estabelecimento, integração, venda de ações, acordo de sócios, faturização, know how, dentre outros.

    Como funciona um contrato entre duas empresas?

    Uma das atividades que mais demanda atenção nas empresas é a gestão de contratos. Os instrumentos jurídicos realizados pela ou com a empresa precisam ser cuidadosamente negociados e seguir políticas internas para que estejam de acordo com as finalidades das organizações.

    Por conta disso, os contratos empresariais, ou contratos corporativos, independentemente do setor que os realize, devem ser objeto de estudo e conhecimento pelos profissionais que atuam na área. Para se aprofundar no estudo, elaboramos este artigo com os tópicos mais importantes sobre os contratos de empresas. Confira!

    Os contratos empresariais, também chamados de contratos corporativos ou contratos entre empresas, são instrumentos jurídicos inseridos no contexto corporativo, envolvendo obrigações pactuadas recíprocamente entre pessoas jurídicas. Esse tipo de documento não possui uma normatização própria, mas, por tratar de negócios jurídicos no âmbito corporativo e possuírem peculiaridades, precisam de um tratamento especial, seja na sua negociação ou na sua formalização.

    Para saber mais sobre tipos contratuais, confira nosso guia completo sobre contratos no Direito Civil.

    O objetivo dos contratos empresariais, ou contratos corporativos, é garantir a segurança jurídica das partes, uma vez que, por meio de um contrato, são elencados todos os elementos do negócio pactuado, desde o objeto, as obrigações, os valores devidos, até às hipóteses de rescisão ou suspensão, penalidades, entre outras. Assim, eles servem para garantir que as partes cumprirão com as cláusulas acordadas, dentro da legislação vigente que servirá de base para a negociação. Como veremos mais adiante, os contratos realizados nas empresas podem ter diferentes objetos e, portanto, podem envolver diferentes leis, como a Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho e o Código de Defesa do Consumidor.

    A seguir, abordaremos os princípios que norteiam esses instrumentos jurídicos.

    Em regra, um contrato empresarial será celebrado entre duas pessoas jurídicas, e terá sua finalidade relacionada à atividade da empresa ou aos seus aspectos societários (como aquisições, fusões, etc). Nesse meio, também poderá ser realizado com um órgão público, caso em que resultará em um contrato administrativo.

    Entretanto, também existe a possibilidade de um contrato ser realizado entre a empresa e uma pessoa física, como um colaborador (contrato de trabalho), um fornecedor (prestação de serviço diretamente por um indivíduo) ou um consumidor (contrato de consumo).

    Nesse contexto, é possível extrair alguns princípios que servem para guiar os contratos firmados nas organizações. Veja só:

    Esse princípio diz respeito à livre vontade das partes em celebrar um contrato. Além disso, a autonomia corresponde à capacidade jurídica das empresas de poderem realizar uma negociação, sem impedimentos, conforme sua vontade, assumindo obrigações e direitos de acordo com a lei.

    Também conhecido como pacta sunt servanda, o princípio em questão determina que uma vez realizado um contrato, suas cláusulas devem ser cumpridas pelas partes envolvidas, salvo em casos excepcionais previstos em lei.

    Como funcionam as empresas transnacionais?

    As empresas transnacionais são grandes corporações que atuam em diferentes países, gerando empregos e renda para grande parte da população local. Algumas dessas empresas possuem campo de atuação em várias partes do planeta e em diversos segmentos: industrial, alimentício, têxtil, tecnológico, entre outros.

    As transnacionais são grandes empresas — em muitos casos corporações — que possuem filiais em diversos países, ultrapassando os limites físicos das fronteiras de seus territórios de origem.

    A maioria dessas grandes empresas tem sua sede original nos países de industrialização pioneira — grande parte localizada no Hemisfério Norte —, ou seja, são empresas de países desenvolvidos que acumulam um grande excedente de capital ao longo dos anos e usam esse excedente para expandir seus negócios, instalando filiais em países subdesenvolvidos e/ou emergentes, utilizando mão de obra barata, o que faz com que seus lucros aumentem de forma considerável.

    Essas empresas podem ser encontradas em vários segmentos e produtos, de todos os cantos do mundo, principalmente de países acima da Linha do Equador. Dentre as mais famosas, podemos citar:

    • Coca-Cola;
    • Apple;
    • Nestlé;
    • Hyunday;
    • Sony;
    • Samsung;
    • Shell;
    • General Motors;
    • Nike;
    • Mc Donald’s;
    • Puma;
    • Honda;
    • Toyota;
    • Unilever;
    • Volkswagen etc.

    O funcionamento de uma transnacional segue uma regra: as filiais espalhadas pelo mundo devem seguir à risca o padrão estabelecido pela matriz, que rege todas as demais, instaurando regras e padronizando atendimentos e produtos.

    Por ser uma empresa que atua em vários países, as transnacionais contam com esses padrões para que haja o mesmo padrão de qualidade em qualquer lugar do mundo. Se comprarmos um produto de alguma dessas empresas em determinada região, esse produto será o mesmo caso comprado do outro lado do oceano.

    Isso faz com que essas empresas atinjam grandes quantitativos populacionais, com lucros enormes e grande influência mundial.

    As transnacionais atuam em várias partes do globo. Por essa razão, são corporações empresariais que têm pontos positivos e negativos em suas ações.

    De forma positiva, tais empresas geram muitos empregos nos locais de atuação, além de oferecerem grandes oportunidades de crescimento para os colaboradores. Além disso, existem, dentro das transnacionais, processos que propiciam trocas culturais entre os profissionais, o que pode trazer benefícios corporativos e deixar o ambiente agradável e estimulante para quem ali trabalha. Esses processos permitem que o colaborador trabalhe em uma unidade fora de seu país de origem, aumentando seu conhecimento tanto em âmbito profissional quanto pessoal, uma vez que ele conhecerá culturas e pessoas diferentes.

    Porém, uma transnacional não chega a um país por acaso. Para que isso ocorra, ela recebe incentivos fiscais dos governos, como isenção de impostos, doação de terrenos, entre outros.

    Quais são as empresas transnacionais?

    Empresas que possuem matriz em seu país de origem e atuam em outros países através da instalação de filiais, são classificadas como empresas transnacionais. O termo transnacional substitui o termo multinacional, pois o último pode ser interpretado como se a empresa pertencesse a várias nações, já o primeiro relaciona-se ao fato de a empresa ultrapassar os limites territoriais de sua nação para atuar no mercado exterior.

    As primeiras empresas transnacionais surgiram no final do século XIX, entretanto, só atingiram o auge de atuação mundial após a Segunda Guerra Mundial. A maior parte das empresas transnacionais é de origem de países industrializados, que após terem conquistado o mercado interno montaram filiais em outros países, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento.

    Para os países em desenvolvimento, a instalação dessas empresas em seu território é um fator positivo, pois gera novos postos de trabalho, além de promover a industrialização na região.

    Por sua vez, as transnacionais utilizam como critérios para montar suas filiais, locais com potencial de mercado consumidor, infraestrutura, matéria-prima, energia e mão de obra barata, além de possíveis doações de terrenos e isenções de impostos.

    Os investimentos realizados por essas empresas são elevados, e o retorno financeiro é satisfatório em decorrência de uma série de motivos que foram citados anteriormente. O lucro é destinado a investimentos para a instalação de novas filiais, e outra parte é direcionada à matriz.

    A globalização é um processo de fundamental importância para a atuação das empresas transnacionais, pois proporciona todo o aparato técnológico para os serviços de telecomunicação, transporte, entre outros, fatores essenciais para a realização eficaz das atividades econômicas em escala global.

    Atualmente há registro de, aproximadamente, 40.000 empresas transnacionais em atividade, sendo a maioria originária dos países industrializados, no entanto, existem empresas de origem indiana, mexicana e brasileira.

    Exemplos de empresas transnacionais com matriz no Brasil são: Vale do Rio Doce, Sadia, Perdigão, Weg, Alpargatas e Gerdau.

    Empresas transnacionais conhecidas mundialmente: Coca Cola, Pepsi, Unilever, Mc Donald’s, Nestlé, Nike, Adidas, Puma, Volkswagen, General Motors, Toyota, Nokia, Sony, Siemens, Peugeot, Vivo, entre outras.

    Créditos da imagem: BrooklynScribe / shutterstock

    Por Wagner de Cerqueira e Francisco
    Graduado em Geografia.

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